Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part B (2025)

Background: Preterm birth, defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation, is linked to health complications, including thyroid dysfunction. The thyroid gland plays a vital role in growth, metabolism, and neurodevelopment, making its function crucial for preterm neonates, particularly those requiring respiratory support. 
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in preterm neonates receiving respiratory support and examine the association between respiratory interventions and thyroid hormone alterations. 
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Baghdad Teaching Hospital, including 110 preterm neonates (<37 weeks) requiring respiratory support. Data were collected through retrospective chart reviews and structured questionnaires, covering maternal and neonatal characteristics, thyroid function tests (TSH, free T4), and clinical outcomes. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, t-tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests. 
Results: Most neonates were born before 32 weeks (73 infants, 66.4%) and had a birthweight below 1500 grams (76 infants, 69.1%). Cesarean section was the predominant delivery mode (88 infants, 80.0%). The sex distribution was balanced (57 males, 51.8%; 53 females, 48.2%). Urban residence (82 neonates, 74.5%) and singleton births (81, 73.6%) were common. Consanguinity was noted in 44 cases (40.0%). Maternal age was mainly 18-30 years (74, 67.3%). Most mothers did not have thyroid disease (99, 90.0%) or take thyroid medications (104, 94.5%). Antenatal steroids were given to 50 neonates (45.5%), and multiple births accounted for 28 cases (25.5%). 
Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent among preterm neonates requiring respiratory support, with a significant correlation between elevated TSH levels and the need for thyroid hormone supplementation.